Landslide - mass movement of rock, soil, or debris down a slope.
Data - landslide causes around 25,000 deaths each year and billions of dollars in damage.
Landslip
Landslip - a type of landslide that involves slow, continuous movement of soil and rock down a slope.
Main Differences
Landslip: Slow, continuous movement of materials down a slope.
Landslide: Sudden, rapid movement.
Causes
Heavy rainfall
Snowmelt
Earthquakes
Volcanic activity
Human activities
Effects
Economic damage:
Destroy businesses, disrupt transportation, and damage infrastructure.
Infrastructure damage:
Damage to roads, bridges, and other infrastructure.
Block roads, railways, and other transportation routes.
Environmental damage:
Pollute waterways, damage ecosystems, and displace wildlife of the particular region.
Malabar Exercise Information
Malabar Exercise
Annual naval exercise.
Parties: US, India, Japan, and Australia.
1992 - Started as a bilateral exercise between India and the United States.
2015 - Japan joined.
2020 - Australia joined.
Venue of the Exercise
In the Indian Ocean or in the Pacific Ocean.
2023 version - For the first time, Australia hosted the exercise.
Exercise - Held annually.
Significance
Security and stability in the region:
Deterrence to China’s aggressive behavior in the region.
Improve interoperability:
Help the navies to work together more effectively during crises.
Build trust and confidence:
Sharing of information and best practices.
Development of common operating procedures.
Symbol of the growing cooperation between the four countries.
Helps to promote peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region.
Maintains the balance of power & enhances mutual understanding.
BRICS Information
BRICS
Acronym for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
"BRIC" term coined by British Economist Jim O’neil in 2001.
2006 - Formalized during the 1st meeting of BRIC foreign Ministers.
2009 - 1st BRIC Summit was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia.
24 December, 2010 - South Africa was invited to join the forum.
Potential of BRICS
41% of the global population.
16% of global trade.
31.5% of global GDP.
Expectation - 50% of global GDP by 2030.
Chairmanship
Rotated annually among the members - in accordance with acronym B-R-I-C-S.
Objective - to promote peace, security, development, and cooperation.
To contribute to the development of humanity + establishing a more equitable and fairer world.
Importance of BRICS to India
Economic opportunities - access to a huge market of emerging economies.
Diplomatic platform - to engage with other major global players.
Benefit from technology and exchanges with fellow member countries.
A platform to advocate for reforms in global financial institutions and to enhance its voice in global decision-making.
India’s contribution to BRICS
Proposal of New Development Bank:
Proposed in 2012 - 4th Summit, New Delhi.
July 2014 - Agreement for setting up the bank was signed.
Purpose - to mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in emerging markets and developing countries.
Headquarters - Shanghai.
Regional office in South Africa.
First President - from India.
India added the Urbanization Forum to BRICS cooperation mechanisms:
Aim - to enhance intra-BRICS cooperation and to learn from each other’s experience in tackling challenges of rapid urbanization.
Initiatives proposed at 6th BRICS Summit in July 2014:
Online education, an affordable health care platform, a virtual BRICS university, BRICS language schools, cooperation in small and medium enterprises, tourism, youth exchanges, a Young Scientists Forum, and disaster management.
Challenges before BRICS
BRICS nations have diverse economic, political, and strategic interests - challenges in arriving at consensus on certain issues.
Economic disparities between BRICS nations - impact the group's ability to formulate unified economic strategies.
BRICS operates in a world dominated by established powers - challenges in achieving desired reforms.
Way Forward
Deepening of cooperation in trade, technology, innovation, and sustainable development.
Prioritizing the common goals of BRICS nations - financial reform, climate promotion, and a multipolar world.
Strengthening people-to-people ties by strengthening cultural and academic exchanges.
BRICS should stay flexible and open - to address evolving global dynamics.
ASEAN Information
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
Regional intergovernmental organization.
Established on 8th August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand.
Establishment document: Bangkok Declaration.
Secretariat: Jakarta.
Chairmanship
Rotates annually in alphabetical order.
2023 Chairmanship: Indonesia.
ASEAN Summit
Held twice annually.
Highest policy-making body.
Composition: Head of States or Government of the Member States.
Host: Member State holding Chairmanship.
Aims and Purposes
To promote economic and security cooperation.
To promote regional peace and stability through respect for justice and the rule of law.
To accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development based on equality and partnership.
To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in various fields including economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific, and administrative.
To provide assistance to each other in terms of training and research facilities.
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