Security Appellate Tribunal
Security Appellate Tribunal
- Statutory body.
- Section 15K - Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992.
- Has powers of a civil court under the code of civil procedure.
- Bench - Mumbai.
Organization Structure
- Presiding officer
- Appointed by the central government in consultation with the CJI or his nominee.
- Qualification
- Should be a sitting or retired Judge of the Supreme Court.
- Should be a sitting or retired Chief of the High Court.
- Should be a sitting or retired Judge of the High Court (7 years of service).
- Tenure
- Presiding officer - 5 years or 68 years of age.
- Members - 5 years or 62 years of age, eligible for reappointment.
- Members can be removed by the central government on grounds of proven misbehavior or incapacity.
Functions
- Hears appeals against orders of SEBI.
- Hears appeals against orders of adjudicating officer under the Act.
- Hears appeals against orders of IRDAI.
- Hears appeals against orders of PFRDA.
Practice Question – Prelims
Q. The Securities Appellate Tribunal does not hear and dispose the appeals against orders passed by which among the following authority?
(a) Securities and Exchange Board of India
(b) Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority
(c) Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India
(d) Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority
Kavach System
Kavach System
- Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system.
- Developed by the Indian Railways through Research Designs & Standards Organization (RDSO).
Features
- State-of-the-art electronic system.
- Continuous monitoring of speed & informs if the driver does Signal Passed at Danger (SPAD).
- Sends emergency messages during critical situations.
- Helps during low visibility (using hooters).
- Helps address glitches and vulnerabilities.
- Alerting closed level crossings, stray cattle, and boulders.
Working
- Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS).
- Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags in trains and station towers.
- Two-way communication.
- Has alerts about signals & permissible speeds.
- If a train jumps a red signal, the Kavach system takes over to avoid collision.
Implementation
- First priority - high-density routes.
- Second priority - highly used networks.
- Third priority - other passenger high-density routes.
Practice Question
Q. Consider the following statements about the Kavach System:
1. It was announced in the 2022-23 Budget.
2. It is an Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system.
3. It is an indigenous system developed by the Indian Railways through Research Designs & Standards Organisation (RDSO).
How many of the statements given above are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only Two
c) ALL Three
d)None
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence involves the simulation of human intelligence in machines.
Types of AI
- Narrow AI
- Systems trained for a narrow set of tasks.
- Cannot go beyond the specified tasks.
- General AI
- Has the ability to understand, learn, and apply knowledge.
- Can understand the context.
- Examples include early-stage general AI like ChatGPT.
- Super Intelligent AI
- Can outperform humans.
Explanation: Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human-like intelligence in machines. There are different types of AI, including Narrow AI, which is designed for specific tasks, and General AI, which has broader capabilities, understanding, and learning abilities. Super Intelligent AI goes beyond human performance. ChatGPT is an example of early-stage General AI.
Traditional AI
- System designed to respond to a particular set of inputs.
- Learns from data.
- Makes decisions based on the learned data.
Generative AI
Create new text, images, or music.
Practice Question
Q. Consider the following pairs:
1. Google Brad - Content generation
2. AIVA - Video generation
3. Synthesia - Music generation
4. Copilot - Code generation
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four
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